Encyclopedia of Environmental Health [6 Volume Set]

VOLUME 1 A-C
	Front Cover
	ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH
	ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH
	EDITORIAL BOARD
	CONTRIBUTORS TO VOLUME 1
	Copyright
	GUIDE TO USE THE ENCYCLOPEDIA
	SUBJECT CLASSIFICATION (THEMATIC TABLE OF CONTENTS)
	CONTENTS OF VOLUME 1
	PREFACE
	PERMISSION ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
	Advances in Analytical Methods for the Determination of Pharmaceutical Residues in Waters and Wastewaters
		Conclusions
	Agro-Industrial Waste Conversion Into Medicinal Mushroom Cultivation
		Global Mushroom Production
		Commercial Production and Medicinal Importance of the Most Cultivated Mushrooms Worldwide
		Further Reading
	Air Pollution and Lung Cancer Risks
		Ambient Air Pollution and Lung Cancer
			Ecological Fallacy
		Indoor Air Pollution and Lung Cancer
			Confounding Factors
		Conclusions
	Air Pollution Episodes
		Important Air Pollution Episodes
			France Summer 2003
			The Nature of Episodes
	Air Pollution From Solid Fuels
		Global Consumption Pattern of Solid Fuels
		Interventions
			Interventions on the Source of Pollution
				Improved stoves
				Interventions to user behavior
	Air Quality Legislation
		Air Quality Legislation
			International Air Quality Legislation
			Air Quality Legislation in United States
		Concluding Remarks
	Air Transportation and Human Health
		Ambient Air Pollution
			Estimates Using Mathematical Modeling
		Predicting the Impact on Public Health
		Airport-Related Noise
			The Mandate of the Noise Control Act of 1972
		Relevant Websites
	Ambient Concentrations of Acrolein: Health Risks
		Air Concentrations and Sources of Exposure
			Ambient Concentrations and Emissions
	An Ecological Disaster Zone with Impact on Human Health: Aral Sea
		Effects on Climate
		Political Aspects
		Further Reading
	Animal and Human Waste as Components of Urban Dust Pollution: Health Implications
		Human Health Effects Associated With Polluted Urban Dust
			Antimicrobial Resistance in Environmental Fecal Bacteria
			Bacterial Endotoxins and Respiratory Tract Inflammation
		Further Reading
	Antarctic: Persistent Organic Pollutants and Environmental Health in the Region
		Pollutants
	Antibiotics Pollution in Soil and Water: Potential Ecological and Human Health Issues
		Environmental Fate of Antibiotics: Tetracyclines as Model Antibiotic
		Antibiotics in Soil
		Ecological Impacts of Antibiotics and Resistant Bacteria
		Further Reading
	Application of Healthy Life Year Measures to Environmental Health Issues
		Background to Measures of Population Health
			Measures of Disease Burden
		Composite Measures
			Rationale
			Types of Composite Summary Measures
		Valuing Life and Social Values
			Expectation of Life
			Valuing Life Lived at Different Ages
			Valuing Future Life Compared With Present Life: Discounting
		Environmental Impact on Health
			Definition of the Environment for Health
			The Global Burden of Disease and the Environment
			Regional Burden of Disease and Environment
			National Burden of Disease and the Environment
			The Use of Summary Measures of Population Health to Measure the Environmental Impact on Health
			Measuring the Effectiveness of Environmental Interventions
		Environmental Health and the Sustainable Development Goals
	Aquatic Environment and Fish Welfare in Aquaculture
		Future Considerations
		Further Reading
	Arsenic Exposure From Seafood Consumption
		Arsenic in Seafood
			Freshwater Organisms
	Arsenic: Occurrence in Groundwater
		Pregnancy Outcome
	Asbestos Exposure and Autoimmune Disease
		A Proposed Connection Between Asbestos, Systemic Autoimmune Disease and Interstitial Lung Disease
	Assessing Indoor Air Quality
		General Principles of Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) Measurement
			Real-Time Monitoring
		Measurement Methods of Particulate Constituents
			Semigravimetric Methods
		Measurement Methods of Vapor-Phase Constituents
			Formaldehyde
	Assessment of Human Exposure to Air Pollution
		Exposure Assessment
	Asthma: Environmental and Occupational Risk Factors
		Environmental Sensitizers That Cause Asthma
			Indoor Allergens
	Bahama Archipelago: Environment and Health
		History and Discovery of the Bahama Archipelago
			Pirates and Buccaneers
			The First Royal Governor, 1717 and Hurricane
			The Development of Florida With Bahamian Emigration
	Bias in Environmental Epidemiology
		Types of Bias
		Current Topics in Bias
			Copollutant Confounding
	Bioaerosols in Apartment Buildings
		Bioaerosol Concentration Levels in Apartments
			Effects of Electronic Appliances on Concentration Levels
	Bioavailable Aluminum: Its Effects on Human Health
		Alzheimer Disease (AD)
			ADED Behaviors in Rats Chronically Exposed to Dietary Aluminum Additives
			Pathological Change in ADED Rat Brains
	Bioavailable Aluminum: Its Metabolism and Effects on the Environment
		Forest Decline
		Aluminum Toxicity in Fish and Other Aquatic Life
		Aluminum and Birds
	Biodiversity and the Loss of Biodiversity Affecting Human Health
		Examples of Global Changes and Their Effects on Biodiversity and Feedback Loops to Human Health
			Aquatic Biodiversity and Human Health
				Microplastics damage both the health of marine organisms and human health
	Biomarkers in Environmental Carcinogenesis
		Main Categories of Biomarkers
			Biomarkers of Effect
			Biomarkers of Genetic Susceptibility
	Biomarkers of Environmental Exposures in Blood
		Blood as a Matrix for Biomonitoring
			Which Matrix for Which Chemicals?
			Sources of Variation
		Blood Biomonitoring and Public Health: Case Studies
			Serum Cotinine
			Lead
	Biomass Burning, Regional Air Quality, and Climate Change
		Types of Biomass Burning
			Savanna Fire
		Characteristics and Compositions of Biomass Burning Emission
			Methane (CH4)
VOLUME 2 D-E
	Front Cover
	ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH
	ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH
	Copyright
	EDITORIAL BOARD
	CONTRIBUTORS TO VOLUME 2
	GUIDE TO USE THE ENCYCLOPEDIA
	SUBJECT CLASSIFICATION (THEMATIC TABLE OF CONTENTS)
		Target Organ Toxicity of Environmental Pollutants
	CONTENTS OF VOLUME 2
	PREFACE
	PERMISSION ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
	Dampness and Mold Hypersensitivity Syndrome as an Umbrella for Many Chronic Diseases—The Clinician’s Point of View
		DMHS and Vaccination
	Dichloromethane—A Paint Stripper and Plastic Welding Adhesive
		Cancer in Humans
VOLUME 3 F-K
	Front Cover
	ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH
	ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH
	Copyright
	EDITORIAL BOARD
	CONTRIBUTORS TO VOLUME 3
	GUIDE TO USE THE ENCYCLOPEDIA
	SUBJECT CLASSIFICATION (THEMATIC TABLE OF CONTENTS)
	CONTENTS OF VOLUME 3
	PREFACE
	PERMISSION ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
	Floods as Human Health Risks
		Definition and Epidemiology of Floods
			Flood Risk: Hazard, Exposure and Vulnerability
			Past and Future Trends in Flood Events
		Health Impacts of Floods
			Mental Health
				Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)
			Healthcare Infrastructure
	Fluorine: Human Health Risks
		Detrimental Health Effects
			Dental Fluorosis
			Skeletal Fluorosis in Children
			Skeletal Fractures
	Functional ‘Omics and Molecular Analysis of a Subtropical Harmful Algal Bloom Species, Karenia brevis
		Understanding K. brevis Biology for Better Modeling
		Toxin Production
	Gallium: Environmental Pollution and Health Effects
		Applications
	Gene Environment Interactions: Cigarette Smoke, APC, DNA Damage Repair, and Human Health
		Chemical Composition of Cigarette Smoke
	Gene-Environment Interactions in Neurodegenerative Diseases
		Alzheimer's Disease
	Global Measures of the Environmental Burden of Disease (EBD)
		Relevant Website
	Household Energy Solutions in Low and Middle Income Countries
		Effectiveness of HAP Interventions
			Impact of Interventions on Household Pollution and Personal Exposures
			Impacts of Clean Energy Interventions on Health Outcomes
	Household Water Treatment and Safe Storage in Low-Income Countries
		HWTS Methods
			Chlorination
			Filtration
	Housing-Related Health Hazards: Assessment and Remediation
		Housing Hazard Assessment
			Radon
			Safety and Poisoning
			Carbon Monoxide (CO) and Other Combustion By-Products
			Noise
		Comparison of Three Bundled Housing Intervention Protocols
			Mold Remediation
			Lead Paint Hazard Control
	Human Health and the State of the Pedosphere
		Soil Contamination and Chemical Transformations
	Human Health Implications of Personal Care Products: Breast Cancer and Other Breast-Related Diseases
		Conclusions
	Human Health Link to Invasive Species
		Importance of NIS in Global Change
		Impacts of NIS
	Human Tick-Borne Diseases in Southern Europe: Present Status and Future Challenges
		Viral TBDs
			Tick-Borne Encephalitis
			Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever
		Bacterial TBDs
			Spotted Fever Rickettsioses
			Lyme Borreliosis
	Hydraulic Fracturing and Public Health
		Introduction
			What Is Hydraulic Fracturing?
			Concerns and Challenges
			Exposure
				Water pollution
			Social and Economic Impacts
			Health Impacts
			Climate Change
			Conclusion and Recommendations
	Immunological Effects of the Chernobyl Accident
		Immune Function after the Acute Radiation Injury
			Early Effects
		Immunological Effects in the Cleanup Workers
			Early Effects
	Indonesia: Threats to the Country’s Biodiversity
		Terrestrial
			Forest Fires
			Deforestation
	Infectious Processes and Medical Geology
		Geologic Determinants of Earliest Microbes: Living Rocks and Primeval Soup
			Earliest Microbes
			Most Extreme Microbes
	Insect Repellents: Assessment of Health Risks
		Compounds
			DEET
				Local effects
	Iodine in the Environment
		Functions of Iodine in Humans
			Fate of Iodine after Ingestion
			Toxicity of Iodine
	Japan Environment and Children’s Study (JECS): Concept, Protocol and Current Status
		Study Overview
			Study Objectives
			Study Methods
				Instruments
	Kuwait: Before and After the Gulf War
		Environmental Quality Before 1990
			Land
VOLUME 4 L-O
	Front Cover
	ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH
	ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH
	Copyright
	EDITORIAL BOARD
	CONTRIBUTORS TO VOLUME 4
	GUIDE TO USE THE ENCYCLOPEDIA
		Cross-References
			Example
		Index
	SUBJECT CLASSIFICATION (THEMATIC TABLE OF CONTENTS)
		Disinfection By-products
		Electromagnetic Fields
	CONTENTS OF VOLUME 4
	PREFACE
	PERMISSION ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
	Leishmaniasis and Environment in Argentina: An Eco-Epidemiological Approach☆All the researchers belong to the Network for  ...
		Cutaneous Leishmaniasis and Environment
			Scale: Capture Station and Day-Month Dynamics
	Long-Range Transport and Deposition of Air Pollution
		Historical and Projected Emission Changes
			Projected Emission Changes
	Long-Term Effects of Particulate Air Pollution on Human Health
		Other Effects of Particle Exposure
			Lung Function
			Respiratory Symptoms
	Low-Frequency Magnetic Fields: Potential Environmental Health Impacts
		Expert-Panel Reviews of Magnetic Fields and Environmental Effects
			American Cancer Society (ACS) (2014) (http://www.cancer.org/cancer/cancercauses/radiationexposureandcancer/extremely-low-fr ...
			EC: Scientific Committee on Emerging and Newly Identified Health Risks (SCENIHR) (2015) (http://ec.europa.eu/health/scienti ...
			National Cancer Institute (NCI) (2016) (https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/causes-prevention/risk/radiation/electromagneti ...
			World Health Organization (WHO) (2007) (http://www.who.int/peh-emf/publications/elf_ehc/en/)
	Malaria as an Environmental Disease
		Mosquito Ecology and Limiting Factors on Vector Life Cycle
		Environmental Factors That Increase Risk of Malaria Transmission
			Factors That Affect Adult Mosquito Abundance
			Factors That Affect Adult Mosquito Longevity
			Habitation-Related Factors
			Other Associated Risk Factors
	Malaria, Bilharzia and Geo-Helminth Transmission in Kenya: Environmental Determinants
		Environmental Factors Spreading Bilharzia and Geohelminths in Kenya
		Ecofriendly Malaria Control Interventions
			Insecticide-Treated Bed Nets
			Antimalarial Medicines
	Malaysia: Environmental Health Issues
		Major Environmental Challenges
			Minimizing Socioeconomic Divide
			Preventing/Reducing the Occurrence of Natural and Man-Made Disasters
			Tackling Air, Water, Noise and Congestion, and Waste Disposal Related Problems
			Reversing the Trend of Land Degradation, Deforestation, Depletion of Natural Resources, and Loss of Biodiversity
			Dealing With Global Environmental Issues
			Strengthening Local Institutional Arrangements
		Major Environmental Health Issues
			Air Quality
	Management and Export of Wastes: Human Health Implications
		Globalization of Waste Management
			Regulation of International Nonhazardous/Solid Waste Transfer
			Regulation of International Hazardous Waste Transfer
			Regulation of International Management of Nuclear Waste
			Uncertainties
		Recent Waste Management Strategy
			Zero Waste
			Use of Life Cycle of a Product Approach
		Waste Recovery and Treatment Techniques
			Landfilling
		Insufficiencies in Waste Management and Risk to Environment and Human Health
			Insufficiency in Collecting
			Waste Transport
	Manganese: Environmental Pollution and Health Effects
		Introduction
		Absorption and Toxicity of Manganese
			Inhalation Route
			Ingestion Route
			Systemic Delivery of Manganese
			Excretion and Biological Half-Life
			Basic Mechanism of Toxicity
	Measurement of Air Pollutants
		Introduction
			Measurement Units
		Commonly Monitored Atmospheric Pollutants
			Carbon Monoxide (CO)
		Pollutant Measurement Techniques
			Aerosol Composition Measurements
	Measuring Noise for Health Impact Assessment
		Noise Measurement: Common Practice
			Environmental Noise Measurement
			Personal Exposure
		Where Should Exposure to Environmental Noise Be Determined?
			Façade Exposure
			Quiet Side
			Indoor Exposure
	Mechanisms of Immune Modulation by Xenobiotics
		Introduction
			Research Emphasis
		Mechanisms of Immunomodulation by Heavy Metals
			Cadmium
			Vanadium
			Conclusions and Outlook for Future Research
	Medical Anthropology
		Introduction and Relevance
			Introduction
			Relevance to Environmental Health
		Key Concepts
			From Risk Perception to Popular Epidemiology
			The Tragedy of the Commons
	Mercury and Children Health
		Elemental Mercury (Hg0)
			Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, Excretion and Toxicity
		Inorganic Mercury (Hg1+, Hg2+)
			Sources of Exposure
	Mercury in Air
		Reduction and Oxidation Processes in the Atmosphere
			Atmospheric Mercury Depletion Events in Polar Regions
	Mercury Toxicity
		Effect of Mercury
			Systemic Effects
		Modification of Mercury Toxicity
	Metal-Induced Toxicologic Pathology: Human Exposure and Risk Assessment☆This manuscript has been reviewed in accordance wi ...
		Metal Fragments: Depleted Uranium
			Human Health Effects
	Monetary Valuation of Health Impacts From Noise
		Further Reading
	Nanoscale Titanium Dioxide: Environmental Health and Ecotoxicological Effects
		Human Health
			Carcinogenic Hazards
			Epidemiology
	Natural Disaster—Environmental Health Preparedness
		Definitions and Overall Health Impact of Natural Disaster
			Health Impacts of Disaster
	Neurotoxicology
		Defining Neurotoxicity
	Nigeria: Environmental Health Concerns
		Overview of Environmental and Public Health Issues in Nigeria
			Implicating Heavy Metal Pollution in Cancer
		Environmental Quality and Food Contamination
	Noise and Cognition in Children
		A Summary of Experimental Studies of Acute Noise
			Reading, Memory, and Learning
	Oil and Chemical Spills
		Distribution of Heavy Metals in Marine Bivalves, Fish and Coastal Sediments in the Arabian Gulf and Gulf of Oman
	Optimal Pollution: The Welfare Economic Approach to Correct Related Market Failures☆☆
		Public Goods, Externalities, and Internalization
			Public Goods
			Externalities
	Organochlorines and the Effect on Female Reproductive System
		Epidemiological Studies of the Effects of Organochlorines on Female Reproductive System
			Reproductive Hormones
			Ovarian Morphology
			Endometriosis
VOLUME 5 P-S
	Front Cover
	ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH
	ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH
	Copyright
	EDITORIAL BOARD
	GUIDE TO USE THE ENCYCLOPEDIA
	CONTRIBUTORS TO VOLUME 5
	SUBJECT CLASSIFICATION (THEMATIC TABLE OF CONTENTS)
	CONTENTS OF VOLUME 5
	PREFACE
	PERMISSION ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
	Parasite Zoonoses
		Parasites, Hosts, and Life Cycles
			Parasites
			Hosts
			Life Cycles
		Environmental Change, Parasite Zoonoses, and Emerging Disease
			New Incidence or Severity of Parasitic Disease
				Demographic rates
			Life Support Systems
			Adaptation
		A Caution: Check the Evidence!
		Case Studies for Parasite Zoonoses and Environmental Change
			Parasite Zoonoses in Wildlife
			Parasite Zoonoses in Marine Systems
	Particulate Matter and Public Health
		Human Effects Associated With Exposure to PM
			Cardiovascular Effect
			Diabetes Mellitus
			Birth Outcomes
		Health Endpoints Associated With Exposure to PM
			Long-Term Exposure
			Short-Term Exposure
			Air Quality Standards
			Health Benefits From the Improvement of PM
		Summary
	Particulate Matter and Ultrafine Particles in Indoor Air
		Behavior, Transport, and Fate of Particles in Indoor Spaces
			Infiltration/Penetration
			Deposition in Spaces
			Resuspension
			Particle Formation
		Specific Indoor Sources
			Cooking Activities
		Exposure to Particles in Indoor Spaces
			PM in Aboveground Traffic Modes
			PM in Subway Metro Systems
	Past, Present and Future of Malaria Prevalence and Eradication in the Light of Climate Change
		Future Predictions for Malaria Prevalence During Climate Change
			Could Malaria Eradication Successes Be Reversed?
	PCBs
		Background on PCBs
		Toxicity of PCBs
			Role of Metabolism
	Perceptions and Physiological Responses to Indoor Air Quality
		Perceptual Mechanisms
			Influence of Air Temperature and Humidity
			Ozone-Reactive Compounds and Olfaction
			Sensory Irritations
		Physiological Mechanisms
			Enzymatic Biomarkers
	Perfluorinated Substances
		Commercial and Industrial Uses
			Insulating Gas
			Blanketing Gas
			Fire Extinguisher or Fire Suppression Agent
	Persistent Organohalogen Pollutants and Phthalates: Effects on Male Reproductive Function
		Further Reading
	Pesticide Exposure and Diabetes
		Associations of Pesticide Exposure With Insulin Resistance
		Further Reading
	Pesticide Exposure and Human Cancer
		Evidence from Epidemiology
			Leukemia
			Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma (NHL)
			Prostate Cancer
			Female Breast Cancer
				Central nervous system cancer
			Childhood Cancer
			Limitations of Pesticides Epidemiology
	Pesticides: Human Health Effects
		Human Exposure to Pesticide
			Health Effects
				Acute toxicity
			Long-Term Health Effects
				Neurological effects
				Carcinogenicity
	Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Considerations in Children's Human Health Risk Assessment
		Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, and Excretion of Xenobiotics in Children
			Factors That Affect Chemical Metabolism in Children
				Development of cytochrome P-450 isozymes
	Phthalates: Occurrence and Human Exposure
		Relevant Websites
	Plants as a Tool for the Environmental Health Assessment
		Use of Plant Bioassays for the Environmental Health Assessment
			Short-Term Laboratory Studies
	Platinum: Environmental Pollution and Health Effects
		Bioaccumulation and Biological Availability
			Health Effects
		Acknowledgment
	Polymorphism and Gene–Environment Interactions in Environmental Cancer
		Definition of Genetic Variations and Polymorphisms
		Gene–Environment Interactions in Relation to Cancer Risk
		Functional Polymorphisms
			Missense Polymorphisms
			Promoter Polymorphism and Haplotype Context
		Gene–Environment Interactions in Relation to Environmental Cancers
			The Cytochrome P-450 Phase I and Phase II Enzymes
	Prenatal Exposure to Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs)
		Clinical Outcomes: Disease Outcomes Associated With Prenatal Exposure to PAH
			Adverse Birth and Developmental Outcomes
		Further Reading
	Principles of Medical Geology
		Further Reading
	Psychological and Mental Health Aspects of Ionizing Radiation Exposure
		Comparisons with Antique Items
			Why Not Just Tell Workers, “It is Safe?”
	Quality of Life and Environmental Health Assessment
		Environment Facets of WHO-QOL
			Physical Environment (Pollution, Noise, Traffic, Climate)
		The Importance of the Environment Domain in Assessing Overall Quality of Life
	Radiation Exposures Due to the Chernobyl Accident
		Environmental Radioactive Contamination
			Environmental Countermeasures
	Radio Frequency Electromagnetic Fields: Health Effects
		Cancer
			Exposure to Occupational RF-EMF
			Exposure to RF-EMF from Radio/Television Transmitters
			Conclusions
	Reproductive Effects of Oil-Related Environmental Pollutants
		Introduction
			What Are Oil-Related Environmental Pollutants?
			What Physiological Processes Affect Oil-Related Environmental Pollutants?
		Do Environmental Pollutants Affect Reproduction?
			Do Oil-Related Environmental Pollutants Affect Both Sexes?
			How Oil-Related Environmental Pollutants Affect Female Reproduction?
				How oil-related environmental pollutants affect ovarian morphology and fecundity?
				How oil-related environmental pollutants affect female hypothalamic, pituitary and peripheral hormones?
	Respiratory Effects of Chlorination Products
		Animal Studies
			Studies on Human Volunteers
	Risk of Radiation Exposure to Children and Their Mothers
		I. Risk of Ionizing Radiation Exposure to Children and Their Mothers
			Childhood Malignancy Risk from Exposure to Ionizing Radiation
		II. Risk of Nonionizing Radiation Exposure to Children and Their Mothers
			Reproductive and Teratogenic Risk from Exposure to Nonionizing Radiation
	Sanitation in Low-and Middle-Income Countries
		Sanitation and Disease
			Environmental Enteric Dysfunction
	Shared Water Conflict and Cooperation
		What Are Shared Waters?
			Physical Nature
	Short-Term Effects of Air Pollution on Health
		Introduction and Background
		Objective and Scope of This Review
		Ambient Particulate Matter (PM) and Traffic Related Pollution
			Mortality Outcomes
			Health Impact Assessment
	Soil Quality Criteria for Environmental Pollutants
		Setting Environmental Soil Quality Standards for Chemicals
			Development of SQSs
				Exposure assessment
	Solid Fuels: Health Effects
		Nature of Solid Fuel Emissions and Exposures
			Characteristics of Solid Fuel Smoke Typical Settings in Which Solid Fuels are Used Are Illustrated in Fig. 1
	Solid Fuel Use: Health Effect
		Pollutant Concentrations and Personal Exposure
			Emissions and Pollutants
			Mechanisms
			Range of Concentrations
		Burden of Disease Attributable to Indoor Air Pollution
	Sulfur Oxides
		Health Effects of Sulfur Oxides
			Epidemiology
				Effects of short-term exposures
VOLUME 6 T-Z
	Front Cover
	ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH
	ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH
	Copyright
	EDITORIAL BOARD
	GUIDE TO USE THE ENCYCLOPEDIA
		Cross-References
			Example
		Index
		Contributors
	CONTRIBUTORS TO VOLUME 6
	SUBJECT CLASSIFICATION (THEMATIC TABLE OF CONTENTS)
		Country- and Area-Specific Environmental Health Issues
		Dietary Exposures and Food Quality
		Disinfection By-products
		Disparities and Social Determinants of Environmental Health
		Electromagnetic Fields
		Environmental Health Emergencies (Disasters)
		Ethics in Environmental Health Research and Practice
		Target Organ Toxicity of Environmental Pollutants
	CONTENTS OF VOLUME 6
	PREFACE
	PERMISSION ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
	Take-Home Route of Pesticide Exposure
		Results and Discussion
			Evidence of Take-Home Pathway
				Using biomarkers in mothers/spouses to assess take-home pesticide exposure pathway
				Using biomarkers in farmworker children to evaluate take-home pesticide exposure pathway
				Take-home in comparison to other pathways of exposure
				Seasonality
	Thallium: Environmental Pollution and Health Effects
		Toxicity
			Toxicity to Animals
			Toxicity to Humans
			Therapies for Thallium Poisoning
		Thallium Exposure
			Occupational Exposure
			Nonoccupational Exposure Routes
			Biomarkers of Thallium Exposure
	Tin: Environmental Pollution and Health Effects
		Introduction
			Physical and Chemical Properties
			Production and Uses
		Toxicity
			Differential Toxicity of Organotins
			Toxicity in Animals
			Human Toxicity
	Toenails for Biomonitoring of Environmental Exposures
		Relating Biomarker Concentration to Human Exposure
			Arsenic
			Selenium
			Other Elements
		Relating the Toenail Biomarker Concentration to Other Biological Tissues
			Arsenic
			Selenium
			Nickel
		Temporal Variability in Toenail Elemental Concentrations
	Toxicological Pathways of Relevance to Medical Geology
		Exposure Pathways
			Inhalation Exposure
			Drinking Water Exposure
			Exposure From Consumption of Contaminated Food
			Exposure From Contaminated Soil
			Exposure From Adsorption
		Metabolism and Toxicological Effects of Xenobiotics
			Metabolism of Xenobiotics
			The Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor Pathway
			Genes, Cancer, and the Immune System
		Toxicological Methods in Medical Geology
			Isolation of Environmental Xenobiotics for Toxicological Testing
			Toxicological Testing Using Cell Lines
			Molecular Biological Methods
	Toxicology of Chromium(VI)
		Exposure to Chromium
			Occupational Exposure
			Environmental Exposure
		Toxicokinetics of Chromium
			Absorption
				Inhalation
				Dermal
				Oral
			Metabolism
			Deposition
		Health Effects
			Gastrointestinal Effects
			Immunological and Hematological Effects
	Tuberculosis
		Diagnosis
			Tuberculin Skin Test and Interferon-Gamma Release Assays
			Chest Radiograph and Computed Tomography of Thorax
			Sputum Acid-Fast Bacilli Smear
			Sputum Culture
			M. bovis
		Treatment of Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis
			Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis
			MDR-TB
	Tuberculosis: Epidemiology and Global Impact, Including Extrapulmonary Tuberculosis Manifestation With Emphasis on Skeletal ...
		Tuberculosis
			Introduction
			WHO End TB Strategy
			Pathogenesis
				Post-primary TB
			Symptoms, Disease Appearance
				Primary tuberculosis
				Latent TB infection (LTBI)
					Progressive primary TB forms
				Post—primary tuberculosis (=secondary TB; so-called reactivation TB)
					Differential diagnoses
					Manifestation locations of TB (Fig. 5)
			Diagnostics
				Anamnesis and clinical examination
					Routine blood test
					Radiology
				Indirect pathogen detection
				Tuberculin skin test (TST) (tuberculin test, PPD (purified protein derivative) test, Mendel-Mantoux intradermal test)
			Prophylaxis
				Disinfection and hygiene
				Vaccination (disposition prophylaxis)
				Public health education
		Extrapulmonary Tuberculosis (EPTB)
			Introduction
			Lymph Nodes Tuberculosis (Tuberculous Lymphadenitis)
			Genitourinary Tuberculosis (GUTB)
				Symptoms
				Diagnostics
				Therapy
				Prognosis
			Musculoskeletal TB (=Osteoarticular (OATB), Bone, Joint, Skeletal TB)
				Therapy
					Characteristics of tuberculous spondylodiscitis (Pott disease)
					Characteristics of extraspinal TB
				Symptoms
			Skin TB
				Inoculation form of skin TB (exogenous genesis)
	Ultraviolet: Ocular Effects
		Epidemiological Studies
			Cortical Opacities
			Pterygium and Droplet Keratopathies
			Erythema
			Ocular Cancers
	Ultraviolet Radiation and the Skin
		Basic Principles
		Responses of Cells to UV
			Cell Signaling and the Response to UV
			Cellular Responses to UV
		Long-Term Effects of UV in the Skin
			Chronic UV Photodamage
	Ultraviolet Radiation Protection
		Health Effects of UVR
			Acute Health Effects
			Chronic Health Effects
		Ultraviolet Radiation
			Spectral Weighting
			Protection Factors
		Solar UVR
			Factors Affecting Solar UVR
			Occupational Exposures and Solar UVR
			Personal Exposure to Ultraviolet Radiation
		Protection against Solar UVR
			Personal Protective Equipment
			Sunscreens
			Hats
			Sunglasses
	UN Convention on Wetlands (RAMSAR): Implications for Human Health
		The Ramsar Convention as a Vehicle for Implementation of the Ecosystem Approach: Functioning and Efficiency of the Global N ...
		Convergence/Divergence Between Targets of Wetland Conservation and Ecosystem Health
		The Potential for Recharging of Aquifers
		The Buffering Potential of Wetlands in Relation to Flooding
		Wetlands as a Key Source of Food, Nutrition, and Medicine
	UN Convention to Combat Desertification
		The Definition of “Desertification” and the Background of the UN Convention to Combat Desertification
			The Definition of Desertification
		Achievements, Good Practices, and Experience to Combat Desertification
			Implementation of UNCCD
			Technical Measures and Experience to Combat Desertification
				Prioritization of preventive measures for combating desertification
				Combating desertification by afforestation and reafforestation
					Establishment of desert–oasis protective shelterbelt systems
					Establishment of protective shelterbelt systems in sandy land areas
					Establishment of shelterbelt systems in sandy land areas
				Function of vegetation protection project
				The “3-circles”
				Biological, mechanical, and chemical approaches to stabilize sands
					Artificial earth dyke to stop and accumulate shifting sands
					Ditches to accumulate shifting sands
					Sand barriers for blocking sands
					Mulching networks for controlling sands
		Further Reading
	Uranium: Environmental Pollution and Health Effects
		Uranium in Humans
			Pathway of Intake
			Uranium Biokinetic in the Body
		Health Effects
			Acute Health Effects
			High Level of Exposure
				Alimentary tract
	Uranium: Toxicity to Renal Cells and Osteoblasts
		Mechanisms of Action
			Renal Cells
	Urban Environments and Health
		Urban Environments and Health
			Frameworks for Urban Environmental Health
				Macro-level social processes
		Urban Environments: Housing, Food Systems, and Transportation Systems
			Housing
				Food Systems and Food Security
				Promoting urban health through equitable food environments
				Transportation Systems
				Promoting urban health through transportation environments
	Urban Health Indicators: The Role of Data Disparities
	Urban Transportation and Human Health
		Inequalities and Social Justice
			Loss of Alternative Uses of Street Space
		Impact of Transportation and Other Policies on Health and Inequalities in Health
			Measures to Reduce Traffic Speed: An Example of Policy Impacts on Health
			Congestion
			Traffic Reduction
	Using Testate Amoebae Communities to Evaluate Environmental Stress: A Molecular Biology Perspective
		Introduction
			How to Indicate Environmental Health/Stress?
	Vanadium: Environmental Pollution and Health Effects
		The Presence of Vanadium in Living Organisms
			Vanadium in Plants
			Vanadium in Marine Organisms
			Vanadium in Higher Vertebrates
			Vanadium in Human Tissues
		The Effects of Excessive Vanadium Exposure
			Biochemical Effects
	Vector Borne Disease and Climate Change
		Possible Mechanisms of Climate Change and Vectorborne Diseases
		Existing Evidence of Climate Sensitivity and Vectorborne Diseases
			Tick-Borne Encephalitis
	Ventilation
		Consideration of Isolation Room Ventilation
			Natural Ventilation Is an Option?
			Hybrid Ventilation: Taking the Best of Both
	War and Environmental Health: Chemical Warfare Agents
		Exposure
		Case Studies and Site-Specific Risk Assessment
			Spring Valley (Washington DC)
			White Sea
			Beaufort’s Dyke
	Waterborne Parasites in North Africa Environment
		Prevalence, Transmission and Symptomatology
			Protozoa
		Occurrence of Parasites in Sewage and in Sludge
			Tunisia
			Algeria
			Morocco
	Water Environment Management in India
		Water Use in India
			Domestic Water Use
			Water Use in Industries
			Water Use for Hydropower Generation
	Weather, Pollen Concentrations and Allergic Rhenitis
		Definition and Classification of Allergic Rhinitis
			Allergenic Process
		Effects of Climate Change and Air Pollution on Pollen Production and Public Health
			Climate
	Worldwide Regulatory Strategies and Policies for Drinking Water
		Key Principles
			Regulations Should Regulate Drinking Water from Catchment to Consumer, Using Multiple Barriers
			Roles and Responsibilities of Stakeholders Should Be Clearly Delineated within Regulations
	Zika Virus: A Compendium of the State of Knowledge
		Control
			Biological Control
			Chemical Control
	Zinc Toxicity in Humans
		Acute Health Effects
		Chronic and Subchronic Toxicity
			Gastrointestinal Toxicity
			Hemotoxicity
			Diabetes
			Epigenetic De-Regulation
		Zinc—The Dark Horse of the Brain
			Multiple Sclerosis
			Vascular Dementia
			Alzheimer’s Disease
			Prion Disease
INDEX
AUTHOR INDEX